Diabetes mellitus type 1 (DM1) - a serious chronic disease, disorder of glucose metabolism. Its main symptoms - insulin deficiency and an increased concentration of glucose in the blood. The insulin - the hormone needed to metabolize sugar fabric. His produce beta cells of the pancreas. Type 1 diabetes develops due to the fact that the immune system mistakenly attacks and destroys the beta cells. Sugar in the blood due to the lack of insulin. This causes the characteristic symptoms - thirst, unexplained weight loss, fatigue, the patient may even fall into a coma. But the real risk of type 1 diabetes - not acute symptoms and chronic complications. Diabetes affects kidney, eyes, blood vessels of legs and cardiovascular system. This disease usually begins before the age of 35 years. The later it manifests itself, the easier runs. Treatment of type 1 diabetes - a diet, insulin injections and physical activity. Below you'll learn how to keep a stable blood sugar normal, to live to old age without complications.
The article describes the causes, symptoms and treatment of type 1 diabetes. Learn how to protect yourself from its acute and chronic complications. Parents useful information about type 1 diabetes in children. Women who suffer from this disease, are interested in how to plan a pregnancy, carry and give birth to a healthy baby. All you need to know about pregnancy when insulin-dependent diabetes, see below.
Content
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Causes
Causes of type 1 diabetes today is not exactly known. Studies are under way to find them and to develop methods of prevention. But scientists still can not boast of good results. Effective ways of preventing type 1 diabetes is still not open. Tendency to type 1 diabetes is hereditary, but the risk to the child is not big.
Scientists gradually identify combinations of genes that increase the risk of this disease. "Unsuccessful" genes are more common among people of the white race, living in Europe and North America. Also discovered genes which presumably protect against insulin-dependent diabetes.
Type 1 diabetes often develops after a person has suffered a viral infection. Rubella virus is often the "trigger" for the immune system to attack the beta cells of the pancreas. However, not everyone, rubella, and then suffering from autoimmune diabetes. Clearly, genetic factors play a major role here.
Identical twins have exactly the same genes. If one of them falls ill with type 1 diabetes, the second risk is 30-50%, but still far from 100%. This means that a lot depends on the environment. For example, in Finland the incidence of Type 1 diabetes is particularly high. But to find out the reasons for this have not yet succeeded.
_________________________________________________________________________________
Diagnostics
For the diagnosis of type 1 diabetes need to measure the sugar is one of the ways:
The results, which show that the person has diabetes:
It is sufficient that one of the conditions listed above, so you can confidently make a diagnosis - diabetes. Blood sugar on an empty stomach - less sensitive than others. The two-hour test glucose tolerance - uncomfortable, because it takes a lot of time and need to donate blood several times. Assay for glycated hemoglobin - a convenient and reliable. It is made to diagnose and to monitor the effectiveness of treatment. If you have a home blood glucose meter - they just measure the sugar, without having to go to the lab. If the result is above 11.0 mmol / l - this is exactly diabetes.
-------
Diagnosis of Type 1 diabetes is usually not cause any difficulties, because the symptoms of the disease acute obvious. Measure the sugar in the blood - and all will become clear. However, about 25% of the patients first learn about the problem, but when they come to the hospital with ketoacidosis.
-------
Due to the lack of insulin the cells can not absorb glucose and transferred to food fats. This creates a lot of by-products - ketone bodies. They cause odor atsentona mouth and acidosis - a violation of the acid-base balance in the body. Diabetic ketoacidosis - a serious complication, a life-threatening and require emergency care. His symptoms have been listed above. It is desirable time to diagnose and treat diabetes, to prevent the development of ketoacidosis.
_________________________________________________________________________________
Diabetes type 1 and 2 - how they differ
In type 1 diabetes the body develops insulin deficiency. The reason - the immune system attacks and destroys the beta cells in the pancreas that produce insulin. In most cases, type 1 diabetes occurs in children or young people under the age of 35 years. Although there is still autoimmune diabetes in a mild form in middle-aged and elderly. He called LADA diabetes. Doctors often confuse it with type 2 diabetes and treated properly.
Type 2 diabetes is not an autoimmune disease. It usually develops in people over 40, obese, and the elderly. In medical journals have described the cases of type 2 diabetes in obese adolescents, but these are rare exceptions. The cause of the disease - an unhealthy lifestyle, eating refined carbohydrates and lack of exercise. Genetics also plays a role, but of type 2 diabetes can be prevented by 100%, if you eat a healthy diet and physical activity. A type 1 diabetes for reliable prevention methods exist.
_________________________________________________________________________________
Тreatment
Treatment of type 1 diabetes - a injections of insulin, proper diet and regular physical activity. Patients who are overweight and high daily dose of insulin may also help the tablet. This medication Glucophage Siofor or active substance - metformin. But in general medicine play a minor role in the control of diabetes type 1 in comparison with diet, insulin and exercise.
Patients are actively interested in the new methods of treatment - the transplantation of beta cells, artificial pancreas, gene therapy, stem cells. Because these methods are ever allowed to refuse from daily injections of insulin. Research is actively underway, but a breakthrough in the treatment of type 1 diabetes has not yet happened. The main tool is still the good-old insulin.
What do we have to do:
_________________________________________________________________________________
Diet, recipes and ready-made menu
The diet in type 1 diabetes - is the main tool to control the disease well. Injections of insulin - in second place. Everybody understands that you need to eat healthy food and avoid inappropriate products. But which foods are considered healthy and which are harmful - a controversial issue.
Avoid foods that are quick and strong increases in blood sugar. It's food, overloaded with carbohydrates - not only bread, potatoes, cereals and sweets, and even fruit. To have a good control of type 1 diabetes, you need to go on a low-carbohydrate diet. If you eat a "balanced", as recommended by doctors, the sugar is kept high and rapidly developing complications of diabetes.
Complications of diabetes develop when the sugar is kept elevated for several hours after eating. They do not develop if sugar after meals increases slightly, remaining not higher than 5.5 mmol / l in healthy people. Therefore, from foods rich in carbohydrates, harm is much greater than the benefits. Make a choice between a balanced and low-carb diet - is the main decision that you need to take.
Low-carbohydrate diet can keep blood sugar perfectly normal, both in healthy people - not higher than 5.5 mmol / L after meals and at fasting morning. Moreover, your sugar is normal before a meal. This is a revolution in the treatment of diabetes type 1 and 2, which promotes the site Diabet-Med.Com among Russian-speaking patients. Low-carbohydrate diet normalizes both blood sugar, blood pressure and cholesterol. Doses of insulin are reduced in 2-7 times. With this diet in type 1 diabetes honeymoon period can be extended for several years or even for life.
By popular demand diabetics control of the site has produced 26 recipes and sample menus for the week. The finished version of the menu contains 21 different dishes for breakfast, lunch and dinner as well as snacks. All meals - quick and easy to prepare, because the products are available throughout the year. This is a simple and healthy cooking for busy people who want to comply with the low-carbohydrate diet. Step by step recipes with pictures - it is rather festive delicacies. They are also easy to prepare, but not in haste. For the preparation of some dishes may need oven.
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Injections of insulin
All patients with type 1 diabetes need daily insulin stabbing to perish. Shortly after the start of treatment with insulin may occur during the honeymoon. At this time, blood sugar keeps well without regular injections. However, this period usually lasts for long. Sugar rises again. If it does not lower the insulin, the patient falls into a coma and die.
Try to prolong the honeymoon for a few years or even a lifetime. How to do it - is described in detail above. During the honeymoon, you may need to inject insulin at low doses. Do this, do not be lazy. Otherwise, then it would have to chop "in full." Try to keep the sugar after meals is not higher than 5.5 mmol / l. To do this you need to follow a low-carbohydrate diet and may even prick insulin 1-3 units per day.
There are 4 basic types of insulin:
Treatment of type 1 diabetes with insulin
If you control type 1 diabetes with the help of a low-carb diet, then you need to move on to other methods for calculating the dosage of insulin. Otherwise there will be hypoglycemia. Because the need for insulin is reduced by 2-7 times.
From the 1920s to the 1970s, patients with type 1 diabetes treated with insulin derived from cows, pigs, horses and even fish. Insulin animals different from human, so injections often cause allergic reactions. But you can not give them up was because insulin is vital for diabetics. Since the beginning of the 1980s, used primarily insulin, which is produced by bacteria derived by genetic engineering. It is clean on the composition, so allergic to injections is rare.
Ultrashort and extended forms of insulin - it's not quite human insulin, and artificially modified varieties. They are called peers. They have improved characteristics compared with conventional human insulin. Ultra-insulin begins to act quickly, and extended - on the contrary, it acts uniformly within 12-24 hours. These types of insulin used since the early 2000s. They have proven their efficacy and safety.
Driving insulin - this guidance, what types of insulin you need to chop, how many times a day, at what time and in what dosages. Assign insulin should be strictly individual, the records in the diary of self-control diabetes. See how changing parameters in blood sugar throughout the day, at which time the patient used to have breakfast, lunch and dinner. Take into account also the other features of his style of life. Do not use the standard scheme!
Learn to dilute the insulin! Patients with diabetes who follow the low-carbohydrate diet, we need lower doses of insulin. They are 2-7 times lower than the standard dose to which the doctors are accustomed. Insulin syringes and pen have an error of 0.5 units. It's too much. You will be able to precisely inject a dose of 1-2 units of insulin only when dilute it with saline.
Giving instructions for insulin should be qualified, experienced endocrinologist. In practice, the Russian-speaking countries, patients with type 1 diabetes often have themselves to appoint a suitable insulin and count its dosage. It is therefore recommended to carefully study article referenced below. If the doctor prescribes to all their patients the same insulin, does not pay attention to the blog self - do not use his advice, consult another specialist.
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The insulin pump
The insulin pump - a small device that is worn on the belt. Thereof blood insulin continuously fed at a predetermined speed. An insulin pump is a long, thin tube with a needle on the end. The needle is inserted under the skin, usually in the stomach and remains there permanently. It changed every 3 days. Pump - a way to inject insulin, syringes and alternative pen. The size of the device - much like a deck of playing cards.
The advantage of the pump - no injections several times a day. It can be used adults, teenagers and even children with type 1 diabetes. Officially, insulin pump provides better control of diabetes than traditional syringes. However, it is expensive, and not all patients can learn how to use it. Unofficially - today have shortcomings insulin pump therapy is greater than the benefits. It is even without taking into account its high price.
We are preparing to enter the market instruments that combine an insulin pump and continuous glucose monitoring system in the blood. This will be an artificial pancreas. Such a device can automatically adjust the sugar without the conscious participation of the patient's diabetes. Nevertheless, it will have the same disadvantages that conventional insulin pump. Read more article "Insulin pump therapy: for and against". At the time of the article, in February 2015, an artificial pancreas, in practice, have not yet used. The exact timing of when it will be - is not yet known.
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Medication
Drugs play a minor role in the treatment of type 1 diabetes, as compared with a diet, insulin injections and physical activity. Some patients with type 1 diabetes are overweight. They have developed insulin resistance, so they are forced to chop large doses of insulin. To facilitate the course of diabetes may have a tablet, the active ingredient of which is metformin. It Siofor drugs and Glucophage. Slim and lean patients any pills for diabetes useless.
Here are the medications that help control comorbidities. Hypertension patients with type 1 diabetes are often prescribed drugs - ACE inhibitors or angiotensin receptor blockers-II. These pills not only lowers blood pressure but also inhibit the development of complications in the kidneys. It is proved that it was appropriate to take, just when blood pressure is 140/90 mm Hg. Art. and especially if it is higher. Read also the article "Diabetes and hypertension."
All medicines that are described in this section may be taken only on prescription. They have significant side effects. Even intake of fish oil you need in advance to cancel planned surgery to reduce the risk of bleeding. Do not self-medicate! Find a doctor you can trust and consult with him.
Physicians and cardiologists often prescribed to their patients aspirin in small doses for daily administration. It is believed that this reduces the risk of heart attack. In the Russian-speaking countries is usually prescribed medication Cardiomagnyl. Search the Internet, any side effects of aspirin. Discuss with your doctor whether or not to replace it with fish oil. However, in order to make the blood more fluid, the fish oil should be taken in large doses. One or two capsules will not do. It is recommended to take 2-3 tablespoons of cod liver oil every day.
Statins - are drugs that lower the level of "bad" cholesterol. It is known that in diabetes type 1 and 2 are often simultaneously increased sugar and "bad" cholesterol. Therefore, statins are often prescribed to diabetics. However, these drugs have side effects - fatigue, impaired memory, there can be problems with the liver. Low-carbohydrate diet, which promotes Diabet-Med.Com site to control diabetes, normalizes both blood sugar, cholesterol and blood pressure. If this diet you will be able to abandon statins - will be great.
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Physical activity
Physical education - is a way to control type 1 diabetes, which is usually underestimated. However, physical activity is almost as important as diet and insulin injections. Need aerobic and anaerobic exercise. Aerobic - is jogging, swimming, biking, cross-country skiing. It is recommended to combine a day with power anaerobic workouts in the gym. Develop the habit of regular physical exercise, preferably outdoors. Adults need at least 5 lessons of 30 minutes per week, the children - 1 hour each day.
Physical education is needed not just "for the overall development." Ask what telomeres Why is their length and how it increases physical activity. In short - in the early 2000s, it has been proven that physical activity directly prolongs life. People who do not engage in physical exercise, are not only worse but for a few years less.
Begin to train only after advise with your physician. It is advisable to undergo an electrocardiogram with a load to make sure that the heart will not let you down. If you have already developed complications of diabetes on the eyes, kidneys and legs - it limits the choice of available options for physical activity.
In type 1 diabetes athletic training have a complex effect on blood sugar. The idea is that they need to lower it. Indeed, exercise can reduce the sugar, the long, sometimes up to 36 hours after training ended. However, physical activity is often paradoxically increases the sugar. During training, check your sugar glucometer every half hour. Over time you will understand how physical activity affects him. Probably you will need to adapt the diet and insulin dosage to your workout schedule. This is troublesome. However, the exercise brings many times more useful than a hassle.
continue....
The article describes the causes, symptoms and treatment of type 1 diabetes. Learn how to protect yourself from its acute and chronic complications. Parents useful information about type 1 diabetes in children. Women who suffer from this disease, are interested in how to plan a pregnancy, carry and give birth to a healthy baby. All you need to know about pregnancy when insulin-dependent diabetes, see below.
Content
- Symptoms
- Causes
- Diagnostics
- Diabetes type 1 and 2 - how they differ
- Treatment
- Honeymoon - the initial period
- New experimental treatment
- Diet, recipes and ready-made menu
- Injections of insulin
- The insulin pump
- medication
- Physical activity
- Type 1 diabetes in children
- How to live long
- Prevention and inhibition of complications
- Pregnancy
- How to lose weight or gain weight
- Test understanding of type 1 diabetes
- Conclusions
Note that you are currently viewing, is a continuation of "Diabetes type 1 or 2: where to start." On this page painted nuances of effective treatment of type 1 diabetes. Learn to control this serious disease in children and adults. It is also called autoimmune diabetes. Please read the article first base, to which reference is given above, or something that can be confusing.
Type 1 diabetes - this is only 5-10% of all cases of violation of glucose metabolism. The remaining 90-95% of patients diagnosed with type 2 diabetes, which is much easier to control. In type 1 diabetes need injections of insulin, otherwise the patient will die. The site Diabet-Med.Com learn how to prick insulin painlessly. Measures to control diabetes need to perform accurately, they require discipline. However, after you type experience, they occupy no more than 10-15 minutes per day. And the rest of the time you can lead a normal life.
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Symptoms
Type 1 diabetes usually causes acute symptoms:
- excessive thirst;
- dry mouth;
- frequent urination, in Vol. h. at night;
- the child may sweat during sleep;
- insatiable hunger while unexplained weight loss;
- irritability, tantrums, mood swings;
- fatigue, weakness;
- blurred vision;
- women - fungal vaginal infections (thrush) that are difficult to treat.
Unfortunately, in most cases patients with type 1 diabetes and similar to ignore these symptoms until eventually develop ketoacidosis. This is an acute complication that requires emergency medical care.
Symptoms of diabetic ketoacidosis:
- dry skin, the apparent dehydration;
- Frequent deep breathing;
- the smell of acetone breath;
- lethargy or unconsciousness;
- nausea and vomiting.
Causes
Causes of type 1 diabetes today is not exactly known. Studies are under way to find them and to develop methods of prevention. But scientists still can not boast of good results. Effective ways of preventing type 1 diabetes is still not open. Tendency to type 1 diabetes is hereditary, but the risk to the child is not big.
Scientists gradually identify combinations of genes that increase the risk of this disease. "Unsuccessful" genes are more common among people of the white race, living in Europe and North America. Also discovered genes which presumably protect against insulin-dependent diabetes.
Type 1 diabetes often develops after a person has suffered a viral infection. Rubella virus is often the "trigger" for the immune system to attack the beta cells of the pancreas. However, not everyone, rubella, and then suffering from autoimmune diabetes. Clearly, genetic factors play a major role here.
Identical twins have exactly the same genes. If one of them falls ill with type 1 diabetes, the second risk is 30-50%, but still far from 100%. This means that a lot depends on the environment. For example, in Finland the incidence of Type 1 diabetes is particularly high. But to find out the reasons for this have not yet succeeded.
_________________________________________________________________________________
Diagnostics
For the diagnosis of type 1 diabetes need to measure the sugar is one of the ways:
- blood sugar on an empty stomach;
- a two-hour tolerance test glyuokze;
- analysis on glycated hemoglobin.
The results, which show that the person has diabetes:
- Glucose in plasma glucose 7.0 mmol / l or higher.
- During the two-hour test for glucose tolerance was a result of 11.1 mmol / l and above.
- Blood sugar measurement at random proved 11.1 mmol / l or higher and have symptoms of diabetes.
- Glycosylated hemoglobin HbA1C - 6.5% or higher.
It is sufficient that one of the conditions listed above, so you can confidently make a diagnosis - diabetes. Blood sugar on an empty stomach - less sensitive than others. The two-hour test glucose tolerance - uncomfortable, because it takes a lot of time and need to donate blood several times. Assay for glycated hemoglobin - a convenient and reliable. It is made to diagnose and to monitor the effectiveness of treatment. If you have a home blood glucose meter - they just measure the sugar, without having to go to the lab. If the result is above 11.0 mmol / l - this is exactly diabetes.
-------
Diagnosis of Type 1 diabetes is usually not cause any difficulties, because the symptoms of the disease acute obvious. Measure the sugar in the blood - and all will become clear. However, about 25% of the patients first learn about the problem, but when they come to the hospital with ketoacidosis.
-------
Due to the lack of insulin the cells can not absorb glucose and transferred to food fats. This creates a lot of by-products - ketone bodies. They cause odor atsentona mouth and acidosis - a violation of the acid-base balance in the body. Diabetic ketoacidosis - a serious complication, a life-threatening and require emergency care. His symptoms have been listed above. It is desirable time to diagnose and treat diabetes, to prevent the development of ketoacidosis.
_________________________________________________________________________________
Diabetes type 1 and 2 - how they differ
In type 1 diabetes the body develops insulin deficiency. The reason - the immune system attacks and destroys the beta cells in the pancreas that produce insulin. In most cases, type 1 diabetes occurs in children or young people under the age of 35 years. Although there is still autoimmune diabetes in a mild form in middle-aged and elderly. He called LADA diabetes. Doctors often confuse it with type 2 diabetes and treated properly.
Type 2 diabetes is not an autoimmune disease. It usually develops in people over 40, obese, and the elderly. In medical journals have described the cases of type 2 diabetes in obese adolescents, but these are rare exceptions. The cause of the disease - an unhealthy lifestyle, eating refined carbohydrates and lack of exercise. Genetics also plays a role, but of type 2 diabetes can be prevented by 100%, if you eat a healthy diet and physical activity. A type 1 diabetes for reliable prevention methods exist.
_________________________________________________________________________________
Тreatment
Treatment of type 1 diabetes - a injections of insulin, proper diet and regular physical activity. Patients who are overweight and high daily dose of insulin may also help the tablet. This medication Glucophage Siofor or active substance - metformin. But in general medicine play a minor role in the control of diabetes type 1 in comparison with diet, insulin and exercise.
Patients are actively interested in the new methods of treatment - the transplantation of beta cells, artificial pancreas, gene therapy, stem cells. Because these methods are ever allowed to refuse from daily injections of insulin. Research is actively underway, but a breakthrough in the treatment of type 1 diabetes has not yet happened. The main tool is still the good-old insulin.
What do we have to do:
- Take responsibility for your health and longevity. Carefully study the topics related to the treatment of diabetes. Do not expect too much on the benefits from the state and competent assistance from doctors.
- Colitis, long-acting insulin at night and in the morning, and the rapid insulin before meals, or use an insulin pump.
- Measure the sugar in the blood glucose meter several times a day.
- Know carbohydrate content in a variety of products. Think of carbohydrates in your diet - the best in grams, but can be in terms of grain.
- Filled, so that the blood sugar after meals is not increased too. To do this you need to avoid forbidden foods.
- Keep a diary of self-control of diabetes, preferably in electronic form. Sample diary presented later in this article - in the "Type 1 diabetes in children."
- Get regular physical activity. This increases the sensitivity of cells to insulin, reduces the risk of heart attack and stroke, prolongs life.
- Every few months to be tested and surveyed. Monitor the condition of your eyes, kidneys, nervous system, legs, heart and blood vessels.
- Do not smoke!
- Understand how to safely consume alcohol or do not drink at all.
To have a good control of type 1 diabetes, you need to learn a lot of different information. First of all, find out what foods raise your sugar, and what - no. Understand how to calculate the appropriate dose of insulin. Immediately start to keep a diary of self-control of glucose. Already after 3-4 days in this blog to accumulate enough information to be able to analyze it. Follow the news, subscribe to the e-mail newsletter to Diabet-Med.Com.
The goals of treatment for type 1 diabetes:
Keep your blood sugar as close to normal range.
Monitor blood pressure and other factors of cardiovascular risk. In particular, have normal results of blood tests on the "bad" and "good" cholesterol and C-reactive protein, homocysteine, fibrinogen.
If diabetes complications still occur, then to detect it as early as possible. Because intensive treatment started in time, can slow down or even prevent further complications.
The closer a diabetic sugar to the normal range, the lower the risk of complications of the cardiovascular system, kidneys, eyes, feet. Now it seems obvious, but until recently the medical community does not think so. The doctors did not see the need to reduce the rate of sugar in patients with type 1 diabetes. Only in the mid-1980s, they were persuaded to results of a study DCCT - Diabetes Control and Complication Tiral. If the blood sugar control, the development of diabetic nephropathy is inhibited more than 65% and the risk of heart attack is reduced by 35%.
Patients who participated in the DCCT, adhere to the traditional "balanced" diet. This diet is overloaded with carbohydrates, which are harmful for diabetes. If you go to a low-carbohydrate diet that promotes site Diabet-Med.Com, then your sugar will be much closer to normal values. Because of this, the risk of vascular complications is reduced to almost zero. In type 1 diabetes can live to a ripe old age, maintaining good health, to the envy of their peers. You need to respect the discipline.
Injections of insulin, if the sugar in the morning on an empty stomach or 1-2 hours after a meal more than 6.0 mmol / L. Do not settle, if the sugar is reduced to 6-7 mmol / l. Get it to be no higher than 5.5 mmol / l in the morning on an empty stomach and after each meal. This rate of healthy people, which eliminates the risk of complications of diabetes.
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Honeymoon - the initial period
When type 1 diabetes start insulin injections to treat, many patients miraculously the situation returns to normal. By this time remain alive at least 20% of the beta cells that produce insulin. However, after the first injection of insulin for some reason they begin to work better. Probably because weakened autoimmune attack on the pancreas. Sugar held steady normal. And if you continue to prick insulin, developing hypoglycemia - too low a level of glucose in the blood.
The honeymoon period stabbing insulin is not something that is not necessary and even harmful, because it lowers the sugar too. Many patients relax, thinking that their diabetes was a miracle, and go on a spree. In vain they do it. If you act properly, the honeymoon ends quickly, but instead begins type 1 diabetes with severe.
As is well known, produce insulin beta cells in the pancreas. Type 1 diabetes occurs due to the fact that the immune system attacks and destroys the beta cells, mistaking them for the dangerous aliens. At the time of diagnosis of type 1 diabetes, many patients still produce a small amount of their own insulin. It is desirable to maintain this capacity as long as possible, ideally - for life.
Extend honeymoon in type 1 diabetes - this is really for adults and children. Low-carbohydrate diet and injections of small doses of insulin to protect the beta cells. However, if you stick to the traditional "balanced" diet, carbohydrate overload, all the beta cells will quickly be completely destroyed.
The goal of treatment for type 1 diabetes in the honeymoon period - does not give the beta-cells completely "burned out." If you manage to keep them alive, will continue to develop its own insulin. To achieve this goal is possible, if you follow a low-carb diet and several times a day to check blood sugar meter. If after eating sugar rises to 6.0 mmol / L or higher - colitis small, precisely calculated dose of insulin. Get to the sugar does not exceed 5.5 mmol / L.
Why try to keep alive their beta cells:
- You will be able to maintain a stable blood sugar normal, preventing it "jumps" up and down.
- Insulin dosage will be much lower, it will be less likely to give injections.
- When will the new breakthrough treatments for type 1 diabetes, you can take advantage of them before anyone else. For example, scientists will take some of your beta cells will amplify them in a test tube and introduce back into the pancreas.
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New experimental treatment
In different countries, the company is actively investigating new treatments for type 1 diabetes. They are funded by the government, pharmaceutical companies and charities. Those who manage to deliver diabetics from daily injections of insulin, probably receive the Nobel Prize, and is guaranteed to be rich. The best scientists are working to achieve this goal.
One of the directions - biologists are trying to get the stem cells to turn into beta cells that produce insulin. In 2014 the published information on successful experiments on mice. Transplanted mice, the stem cells taken root and become a mature beta cells. However practical treatment of type 1 diabetes in humans by this method is still far. Long-term studies will be needed to confirm the efficacy and safety.
It is also developing a vaccine to prevent the destruction of beta cells by the immune system. This vaccine should be used within 6 months after it was diagnosed with type 1 diabetes. At the moment in Europe and the United States held the third phase of clinical trials of a vaccine. Also, the study lasted two vaccines for the prevention of type 1 diabetes. Their results can be expected not soon.
_________________________________________________________________________________
Diet, recipes and ready-made menu
The diet in type 1 diabetes - is the main tool to control the disease well. Injections of insulin - in second place. Everybody understands that you need to eat healthy food and avoid inappropriate products. But which foods are considered healthy and which are harmful - a controversial issue.
Avoid foods that are quick and strong increases in blood sugar. It's food, overloaded with carbohydrates - not only bread, potatoes, cereals and sweets, and even fruit. To have a good control of type 1 diabetes, you need to go on a low-carbohydrate diet. If you eat a "balanced", as recommended by doctors, the sugar is kept high and rapidly developing complications of diabetes.
Complications of diabetes develop when the sugar is kept elevated for several hours after eating. They do not develop if sugar after meals increases slightly, remaining not higher than 5.5 mmol / l in healthy people. Therefore, from foods rich in carbohydrates, harm is much greater than the benefits. Make a choice between a balanced and low-carb diet - is the main decision that you need to take.
Low-carbohydrate diet can keep blood sugar perfectly normal, both in healthy people - not higher than 5.5 mmol / L after meals and at fasting morning. Moreover, your sugar is normal before a meal. This is a revolution in the treatment of diabetes type 1 and 2, which promotes the site Diabet-Med.Com among Russian-speaking patients. Low-carbohydrate diet normalizes both blood sugar, blood pressure and cholesterol. Doses of insulin are reduced in 2-7 times. With this diet in type 1 diabetes honeymoon period can be extended for several years or even for life.
By popular demand diabetics control of the site has produced 26 recipes and sample menus for the week. The finished version of the menu contains 21 different dishes for breakfast, lunch and dinner as well as snacks. All meals - quick and easy to prepare, because the products are available throughout the year. This is a simple and healthy cooking for busy people who want to comply with the low-carbohydrate diet. Step by step recipes with pictures - it is rather festive delicacies. They are also easy to prepare, but not in haste. For the preparation of some dishes may need oven.
_________________________________________________________________________________
Injections of insulin
All patients with type 1 diabetes need daily insulin stabbing to perish. Shortly after the start of treatment with insulin may occur during the honeymoon. At this time, blood sugar keeps well without regular injections. However, this period usually lasts for long. Sugar rises again. If it does not lower the insulin, the patient falls into a coma and die.
Try to prolong the honeymoon for a few years or even a lifetime. How to do it - is described in detail above. During the honeymoon, you may need to inject insulin at low doses. Do this, do not be lazy. Otherwise, then it would have to chop "in full." Try to keep the sugar after meals is not higher than 5.5 mmol / l. To do this you need to follow a low-carbohydrate diet and may even prick insulin 1-3 units per day.
There are 4 basic types of insulin:
- ultrashort - the fastest;
- short;
- average duration;
- extended.
Treatment of type 1 diabetes with insulin
If you control type 1 diabetes with the help of a low-carb diet, then you need to move on to other methods for calculating the dosage of insulin. Otherwise there will be hypoglycemia. Because the need for insulin is reduced by 2-7 times.
From the 1920s to the 1970s, patients with type 1 diabetes treated with insulin derived from cows, pigs, horses and even fish. Insulin animals different from human, so injections often cause allergic reactions. But you can not give them up was because insulin is vital for diabetics. Since the beginning of the 1980s, used primarily insulin, which is produced by bacteria derived by genetic engineering. It is clean on the composition, so allergic to injections is rare.
Ultrashort and extended forms of insulin - it's not quite human insulin, and artificially modified varieties. They are called peers. They have improved characteristics compared with conventional human insulin. Ultra-insulin begins to act quickly, and extended - on the contrary, it acts uniformly within 12-24 hours. These types of insulin used since the early 2000s. They have proven their efficacy and safety.
Driving insulin - this guidance, what types of insulin you need to chop, how many times a day, at what time and in what dosages. Assign insulin should be strictly individual, the records in the diary of self-control diabetes. See how changing parameters in blood sugar throughout the day, at which time the patient used to have breakfast, lunch and dinner. Take into account also the other features of his style of life. Do not use the standard scheme!
Learn to dilute the insulin! Patients with diabetes who follow the low-carbohydrate diet, we need lower doses of insulin. They are 2-7 times lower than the standard dose to which the doctors are accustomed. Insulin syringes and pen have an error of 0.5 units. It's too much. You will be able to precisely inject a dose of 1-2 units of insulin only when dilute it with saline.
Giving instructions for insulin should be qualified, experienced endocrinologist. In practice, the Russian-speaking countries, patients with type 1 diabetes often have themselves to appoint a suitable insulin and count its dosage. It is therefore recommended to carefully study article referenced below. If the doctor prescribes to all their patients the same insulin, does not pay attention to the blog self - do not use his advice, consult another specialist.
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The insulin pump
The insulin pump - a small device that is worn on the belt. Thereof blood insulin continuously fed at a predetermined speed. An insulin pump is a long, thin tube with a needle on the end. The needle is inserted under the skin, usually in the stomach and remains there permanently. It changed every 3 days. Pump - a way to inject insulin, syringes and alternative pen. The size of the device - much like a deck of playing cards.
The advantage of the pump - no injections several times a day. It can be used adults, teenagers and even children with type 1 diabetes. Officially, insulin pump provides better control of diabetes than traditional syringes. However, it is expensive, and not all patients can learn how to use it. Unofficially - today have shortcomings insulin pump therapy is greater than the benefits. It is even without taking into account its high price.
We are preparing to enter the market instruments that combine an insulin pump and continuous glucose monitoring system in the blood. This will be an artificial pancreas. Such a device can automatically adjust the sugar without the conscious participation of the patient's diabetes. Nevertheless, it will have the same disadvantages that conventional insulin pump. Read more article "Insulin pump therapy: for and against". At the time of the article, in February 2015, an artificial pancreas, in practice, have not yet used. The exact timing of when it will be - is not yet known.
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Medication
Drugs play a minor role in the treatment of type 1 diabetes, as compared with a diet, insulin injections and physical activity. Some patients with type 1 diabetes are overweight. They have developed insulin resistance, so they are forced to chop large doses of insulin. To facilitate the course of diabetes may have a tablet, the active ingredient of which is metformin. It Siofor drugs and Glucophage. Slim and lean patients any pills for diabetes useless.
Here are the medications that help control comorbidities. Hypertension patients with type 1 diabetes are often prescribed drugs - ACE inhibitors or angiotensin receptor blockers-II. These pills not only lowers blood pressure but also inhibit the development of complications in the kidneys. It is proved that it was appropriate to take, just when blood pressure is 140/90 mm Hg. Art. and especially if it is higher. Read also the article "Diabetes and hypertension."
All medicines that are described in this section may be taken only on prescription. They have significant side effects. Even intake of fish oil you need in advance to cancel planned surgery to reduce the risk of bleeding. Do not self-medicate! Find a doctor you can trust and consult with him.
Physicians and cardiologists often prescribed to their patients aspirin in small doses for daily administration. It is believed that this reduces the risk of heart attack. In the Russian-speaking countries is usually prescribed medication Cardiomagnyl. Search the Internet, any side effects of aspirin. Discuss with your doctor whether or not to replace it with fish oil. However, in order to make the blood more fluid, the fish oil should be taken in large doses. One or two capsules will not do. It is recommended to take 2-3 tablespoons of cod liver oil every day.
Statins - are drugs that lower the level of "bad" cholesterol. It is known that in diabetes type 1 and 2 are often simultaneously increased sugar and "bad" cholesterol. Therefore, statins are often prescribed to diabetics. However, these drugs have side effects - fatigue, impaired memory, there can be problems with the liver. Low-carbohydrate diet, which promotes Diabet-Med.Com site to control diabetes, normalizes both blood sugar, cholesterol and blood pressure. If this diet you will be able to abandon statins - will be great.
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Physical activity
Physical education - is a way to control type 1 diabetes, which is usually underestimated. However, physical activity is almost as important as diet and insulin injections. Need aerobic and anaerobic exercise. Aerobic - is jogging, swimming, biking, cross-country skiing. It is recommended to combine a day with power anaerobic workouts in the gym. Develop the habit of regular physical exercise, preferably outdoors. Adults need at least 5 lessons of 30 minutes per week, the children - 1 hour each day.
Begin to train only after advise with your physician. It is advisable to undergo an electrocardiogram with a load to make sure that the heart will not let you down. If you have already developed complications of diabetes on the eyes, kidneys and legs - it limits the choice of available options for physical activity.
In type 1 diabetes athletic training have a complex effect on blood sugar. The idea is that they need to lower it. Indeed, exercise can reduce the sugar, the long, sometimes up to 36 hours after training ended. However, physical activity is often paradoxically increases the sugar. During training, check your sugar glucometer every half hour. Over time you will understand how physical activity affects him. Probably you will need to adapt the diet and insulin dosage to your workout schedule. This is troublesome. However, the exercise brings many times more useful than a hassle.
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